Root KNOT NEMATODEs are among the most important groups of plant pests and is a major cause of crop loss. In this research, the control of NEMATODE of tomato in greenhouse was conducted using tobacco dust as a bio-nematicide. I.M.P. diagnostic keys and some other common references were used to accurately identify species and the race of NEMATODE. Experiments were carried out using complete randomized block design with 5 replication and 7 treatments at different rates of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 gr/kg. Soil shoot lengths, root fresh weights and root gall index were measured in all treatments. Results showed that 20gr. tobacco dust per kg soil was the best. The experiments were conducted over a two year period. The results showed that about 100gr per plant was the most effective treatment and the striped application at transplanting time proved to be recommendable.

The ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE, Meloidogyne javanica, is one of the major tomato pathogens in Iran. Using resistant varieties is one of coping method to this disease. In the current study, tolerance of some tomato cultivars to root KNOT NEMATODE was evaluated in greenhouse. In this research resistance of 8 tomamo cultivars called (CH-Falat, Y-Falat, Eden Petopride 2, Petopride 5, Xaman, Comodoro and GS12) were evaluated to ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE in greenhouse in completely randomized design with four replications. The 4-6 leave’ s seedling of tomato was inoculated with 5000 larva of NEMATODE per each kg of pot soil. After 2 months, disease index were evaluated on tomato plants. Cluster analysis showed the range of susceptibility to resistance of tomato cultivars to M. javanica. Results based on pathogenicity traits indicated that the cultivars were divided into four groups: very sensitive, sensitive, semi-sensitive and fairly resistant. CH-Falat cultivar was very sensitive, culticars Y-Falat and Eden were sensitive, cultivars Petopride 2, Petopride 5, Xaman and GS12 were semi-susceptible and Comodoro was relatively resistant to root KNOT NEMATODE.

To evaluate the effects of Streptomyces bacteria on biocontrol of Tylenchulus semipenetrans in Citrus aurantifolia and Meloidogyne incognita in Actinidia deliciosa, samples were collected from the rhizosphere of citrus and kiwifruit trees in Mazandaran, Guilan, and Golestan provinces. In vitro, 9 Streptomyces isolates showed good antagonistic potential and reduced the rate of egg hatching and larval mortality of citrus NEMATODE and ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE. Isolates of Streptomyces sp. (C, D, E, G, and H) which had high control ability in vitro were examined in the greenhouse. Among the isolates studied, isolates D and G in greenhouse conditions showed the greatest effect on the control of citrus NEMATODEs by reducing the number of female NEMATODEs by 86. 81% and 77. 65% compared with the fenamiphos 64. 47% Also, these two isolates decreased galls by 67. 78% and 71. 15% compared with the fenamiphos 50. 93% and reduced the number of egg masses by 86. 54% ccompared with the phenamiphus 68. 90%, had good performance in ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE control.

ROOT- KNOT NEMATODEs (Meloidogyne spp.) are one of the most important parasitic NEMATODEs of tomato in the world and Mjavanica is the most widespread in the tomato fields of Isfahan, Fars, Tehran and Hormozgan provinces. The most suitable control method of the NEMATODE is use of resistant or tolerant cultivars.In earlier survey, about 537 varieties of tomato were investigated against M.javanica according to the international standard by IMP during 1991-2002. Out of these varieties only 2% were resistant or tolerant to the NEMATODE. In a supplementary study reaction of 19 tomato cultivars against M.javanica, were studied in two completely randomized design experiments with 4 replications in glasshouse and field conditions during 2001-2.Plants were evaluated after 70 days on the basis of the gall index (GI), final population (Pt), reproduction factor (RF) and tomato root and stem weight. In glasshouse, the results showed that cultivars 136 and 109 with GI=2, Rf-=4.68., GI = 2.25, Rf = 28.4 respectively were tolerant cultivars to the NEMATODE. Also cultivar 100 was considered hypersensitive with GI = 3.25 and Rf=0.97. In field condition, cultivars 136 and 109 proved to be tolerant with GI, 1.9 and 1.6 respectively.

In order to study the reaction of 15 cucumber cultivars to the ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE, Meloidogyne javanica, after NEMATODE purification on the tomato cultivar Rutgers, with the help of morphological characters and species-specific primers the NEMATODE species was identified. Experiment was conducted on the basis of completely randomized design in the greenhouse conditions using sterile soil. In resistance assessment of different cucumber cultivars to this NEMATODE, the growth factors of the host plants and NEMATODE reproduction were used with different methods. Results showed that all the greenhouse cultivars used in this experiment were susceptible to M. javanica and only two local cultivars from Isfahan (Chambar and Dastgerdi) recognized as tolerant. Also the amount of vitamin C, Calcium and Potassium minerals as well as leaf area index decreased in infected plants.

In this research, the control of tomato root KNOT NEMATODE was conducted using neem cake at different rates. First, the species and race of NEMATODE was identified by employing diagnostic keys. Then, with 5 repetition in complete randomized block design neem cake was used at seven treatments (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5gr per kg of soil). Statistical analysis on mean treatments showed that treatment with 2gr/kg soil economically was effective in growth rates and reduction in gall index.

In order to evaluate the ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE infestation in pistachio (Pistacia vera L. ) orchards, soil and root samples of pistachio trees were collected from Rafsanjan orchards during different months of 2012-13. Based on morphological and morphometric characteristics of second larvae and adult females, M. incognita was found to be the dominant species (90% of total samples). The population dynamics of NEMATODE larvae in the soil showed the least range 5 to 7 NEMATODEs in June, September, December and March and the maximum, (50 to 210 NEMATODEs per 100 grams of soil) in August. The highest density of NEMATODEs per gram of root with 98 galls and 53 mature females were observed on August. The ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE populations were varied from 5 to 300 second juvenile per 100-gram soil. The eighteen plant species were found to be hosts for Meloidogyne incognita in pistachio orchards whereas M. javanica was observed on five species. The results of this study can determine the exact time of ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE control and the importance of weed management in pistachio orchards.

ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE is one of the most successful and abundant parasites of a lot of plant families.This sedentaq' ne.matode induces the formation of feeding sites in infected root. Generation of these feeding sites causes cell and tissue changes that lead to gall and giant cell formation. Since tomato can be infected by all economical species of this NEMATODE, in this research histological and ultrastructural changes in tomato root are studied. Comparing treated and healthy sections showed that NEMATODE feeding sites comprised several giant cells adjacent to the vascular cylinder. Except in size, giant cells have some differences with other healthy cells.Their cell wall is thickened with the development of finger-like projections into the cell. An electron translucent layer is deposited on the inner surface of the cell walls, plasmodesmatal connections with other cells and neighboring giant cells are markedly reduced and walls of near cells growth greatly.Breakdown of the large vacuole gives rise to many small vacuoles. There are many enlarged amoeboid shaped nuclei in a giant cell. Concomitant to giant cell formation, hyperplasy and hypertrophy of the surrounding cortical cells lead to the formation of the typical root symptoms.

ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE (Meloidogyne javanica) is considered as one of the limiting factors in the cultivation of greenhouse crops, including tomatoes. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of rosemary and ferula extracts compared to chemical nematicides of rugby and volum to find an environmentally friendly method for disease management. Materials and Methods: The effect of rosemary and ferula extracts with rugby and volum nematicides on tomato ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE was investigated in a completely randomized design under greenhouse conditions. Seedlings of Mobil variety were inoculated with second instar larvae of M. javanica at the 4-6 leaf stage and the effects of plants extracts and nematicides were investigated. After 60 days, the plants were removed from the pot and their growth indicators and disease severity were measured. Results: The simultaneous use of rosemary and ferula extracts had the greatest effect in reducing pathogenicity indicators such as gall index, number of larvae and number of eggs and increasing plant growth indicators such as fresh and dry weight of root and fresh weight of stem compared to control infected with NEMATODE and nematicides treatments. Conclusion: The good effect of the combination of ferula and rosemary extracts compared to chemical nematicides shows the appropriate potential of its use as an environmentally friendly method for disease management.